Here are listed some of the planning tools used at other places or times in Virginia.

Access points to streets: selected nearby municipal design standards

• Code of Montgomery County, Virginia:
  • Chapter 8 PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT
    • Sec. 8-151. Design and arrangement of lots.
      • (d) Access to existing streets.
        • The number of vehicular entrances onto existing through streets shall be minimized. When several lots front on a through street, the agent may require that adjoining lots share a single driveway. When several lots front on a street with an average daily traffic volume greater than five thousand five hundred (5,500) vehicles or projected to be greater than five thousand five hundred (5,500) vehicles due to the proposed subdivision, then the agent may require that the lots be accessed by an internal service street.
  
  
  
• Roanoke County, Virginia Public Street/Parking Design Standards and Specifications:
  • Sec. 200.05: Frontage on Arterial Road
    • Whenever a Subdivision (residential/commercial) abuts a road which is included in the State System of Primary Highways or a road designated as "Arterial" in the adopted Roanoke County Transportation Plan, or the latest Statewide Highway Plan, the following conditions shall be met.
      • A. A reverse frontage and/or combined access concept shall be utilized such that no lot has exclusive access to the arterial or primary highway; and in addition, all developments shall provide sufficient building, parking and travel way setbacks to permit the construction of the ultimate highway section.
      • B. If reverse frontage or combined access cannot be provided, the site shall be limited to one exclusive access point.
  • Sec. 200.06: Driveway Connections
    • It is the intent of this Manual that access be provided to individual residential lots only from streets classified as local and minor collector as defined in the Virginia Department of Transportation's Subdivision Street Requirements. A reverse frontage or service drive concept is required for streets which:
      • A. Carry in excess of five thousand five hundred vehicles per day (5,500 vpd) and/or are categorized as primary highway; or
      • B. The Roanoke County Transportation Plan indicates will carry in excess of five thousand five hundred vehicles per day (5,500 vpd).
      • If the Director finds that a street carries in excess of three thousand vehicles per day (3,000 vpd), he may require a traffic impact study by a licensed Engineer to evaluate potential problems and to recommend corrective measures.
  
  
  
• Danville City, Virginia, Subdivision Regulations:
  • Article 4: Subdivision Design Standards
    • B. Minimum Design Standards
      • 1. Streets
        • a. Street Location and Alignment
          • iii) All subdivisions must have direct access to public dedicated roads that the City or State maintain. Private roads which access public streets may be permitted under special considerations in accordance with the provisions of this ordinance. All subdivisions shall be designed so that no individual subdivision lots will have direct access to any road designated as controlled or limited access unless, or where, in the opinion of the City Council, the physiography, shape or size of the tract would preclude other methods of providing appropriate public street access.
          • iv) Where traffic generated from a commercial or industrial subdivision exceeds 1000 vehicles per day, or where a residential subdivision contains 100 or more dwelling units, such subdivision shall provide connectors to existing public streets at two (2) locations. Where only one connection is physically achievable, the City Council, at its discretion, may require that the connecting portion of the entrance roadway shall be developed as a four-lane divided standard existing into the development for a length of not less than 250 feet. In such case, no internal public or private street connection shall be permitted to this four-lane divided entrance section into the development. If the storm elevation of a 100-year flood could be anticipated to inundate, block or obstruct a principal means of access to a residential subdivision, the principal means of access shall be designed and constructed so as to provide unobstructed assess at the time of flooding.
• Code of City of Salem, Virginia:
  • Chapter 78 SUBDIVISIONS
    • Sec. 78-607. Lot orientation.
      • (a) Except as may be allowed by the zoning ordinance, each lot shall be served by and abut on a public street dedicated by the subdivision plat or on an existing public street. Lots shall be arranged so that each lot may access a local street, unless the parent parcel fronts only on an arterial or collector street and the parcel depth is insufficient to accommodate the construction of a new local street.
  
  
  

Street centerlines at intersections: selected nearby municipal design standards

• Roanoke County, Virginia Public Street/Parking Design Standards and Specifications:
  • Sec. 200.12: Street Centerlines
    • Subdivision streets intersecting an existing or future street, shall have the centerlines directly opposite one another or have a minimum of two hundred (200') feet between their centerlines.
  
  
  

Traffic circulation: selected nearby municipal design standards

• Code of Bedford County, Virginia:
  • APPENDIX B SUBDIVISION ORDINANCE
    • Sec. 6.4. Topography and arrangement.
      • 6. Proposed streets shall be extended to the boundary lines of the tract to be subdivided, unless prevented by topography or other physical conditions, or unless in the opinion of the subdivision agent such extension is not necessary or desirable for the coordination of the layout of the subdivision with the existing layout or the most advantageous future development of adjacent tracks [tracts].
    • Sec. 6.10. Access to adjoining property.
      • Streets shall be dedicated, but not required to be improved, at strategic locations to provide for future access to adjoining properties which may be subdivided in the future. Each street connection shall intersect property lines at a ninety (90) degree angle or as otherwise approved by the subdivision agent. Whenever a parcel of land located adjacent to an existing subdivision is to be subdivided, a street shall be located so as to connect with the platted street connection of the adjacent existing subdivision. The developer of the new subdivision shall be required to improve the connecting street including the dedicated street connection of the existing subdivision.
    • Sec. 6.13. Construction of roads and dead-end roads.
      • 1. Construction of roads. The arrangement of streets shall provide for the continuation of principal streets between adjacent properties when the continuation is necessary for convenient movement of traffic, effective fire protection, the efficient provision of utilities, and where the continuation is in accordance with the comprehensive plan. If the adjacent property is undeveloped and the street must temporarily be a dead-end street, the right-of-way shall be extended to the property line. A temporary T or L-shaped turnaround or cul-de-sac shall be provided on all temporary dead-end streets, with the notation on the subdivision plat that land outside the normal street is continued. The subdivision agent may limit the length of temporary dead-end streets in accordance with the design standards of these regulations.
      • 2. Dead-end roads (permanent). Where a road does not extend beyond the boundary of the subdivision and its continuation is not required for access to adjoining property, its terminus shall normally not be nearer to such boundary than fifty (50) feet. However, the subdivision agent may require the reservation of an appropriate easement to accommodate drainage facilities, pedestrian traffic, or utilities. A cul-de-sac turnaround shall be provided at the end of a permanent dead-end street in accordance with VDOT standards and specifications. For greater convenience to traffic and more effective police and fire protection, permanent dead-end streets shall, in general, be limited in length in accordance with the design standards of these regulations.
  
  
  
• Code of Botetourt County, Virginia:
  • Chapter 21 SUBDIVISIONS
    • Sec. 21-133. Blocks.
      • (a) Length. The maximum length of subdivision blocks generally shall be one thousand two hundred (1,200) feet and the minimum length of blocks on which lots have frontage shall be five hundred (500) feet.
      • (b) Width. Blocks in subdivisions shall be wide enough to allow two (2) tiers of lots minimum depth, except where fronting on major streets or prevented by topographical conditions or size of the property, in which case the agent may approve a single tier of lots of minimum depth.
      • (c) Orientation. Where a subdivision adjoins a major road, the commission may require that the greater dimension of the block shall front or back upon such major thoroughfare to avoid unnecessary ingress and egress.
      • (d) Business or industrial use. Blocks intended for business or industrial use shall be designed specifically for such purposes, with adequate space set aside for off-street parking and delivery facilities.
    • Sec. 21-134. Streets.
      • (b) Alignment and layout. The arrangement of streets in new subdivisions shall make provision for the continuation of existing streets in adjoining areas. Where, in the opinion of the agent or the planning commission, it is desirable to provide for street access to adjoining property, whether or not there are existing streets in such adjoining property, proposed streets shall be extended by dedication to the boundary of such property. Half streets along the boundary of land proposed for subdivision shall not be permitted.
  
  
  
• Code of Floyd County, Virginia:
  • Chapter 66 SUBDIVISIONS
    • Sec. 66-235. Improvements.
      • All required improvements to subdivision shall be installed by the subdivider at his own cost, including improvements as may be required pursuant to Code of Virginia, 15.2-2400--15.2-2413. In cases where specifications have been established either by the state department of transportation for thoroughfares, curbs, etc., or by local ordinances and codes, such specifications shall be followed.
        • (6) Street alignment and layout. The arrangement of all streets in new subdivisions shall make provision for the continuation of existing streets in adjoining areas. The road arrangement must be such as to cause no hardship to owners of adjoining property when they plat their own land and seek to provide for convenient access to it. Where in the opinion of the planning commission it is desirable to provide for access to adjoining property, proposed streets shall be extended to the boundary line of such property. Half streets along the boundary of land proposed for subdivision may not be permitted. Wherever possible, streets shall intersect at right angles. There shall be a cul-de-sac with at least a 50-foot radius at the end of all dead-end streets.
  
  
  
• Franklin County, Virginia, Subdivision Ordinance (adopted 1961; amended 1968: recorded in Franklin County Ordinance Book 1 Pages 28, 111):
  • Section 5 - GENERAL REGULATIONS
    • **BLOCKS**
      • §5-15. LENGTH
        • Generally, the minimum length of blocks shall be twelve hundred (1,200) feet, and the minimum length of blocks upon which lots have frontage shall be five hundred (500) feet.
    • **STREETS**
      • §5-19 ALIGNMENT AND LAYOUT
        • The arrangement of streets in new subdivisions shall make provision for the continuation of existing streets in adjoining areas. The street arrangement must be such as to cause no unnecessary hardship to owners of adjoining property when they plot their own land and seek to provide for convenient access to it. For street access to adjoining property, proposed streets shall be extended by dedication to the beginning line of such property, proposed streets shall be extended by deication to the property line of such property. Half streets along the boundary of land proposed for subdivision may not be permitted. Wherever possible, streets should intersect at right angles. In all hillside areas streets running with contours shall be required to intersect at angles of not less than sixty (60) degrees, unless approved by the highway engineer.
      • §5-21. APPROACH ANGLE
        • Major streets shall approach major or minor streets at an angle of not less than eighty (80) degrees, unless the agent, upon recommendation of the highway engineer, shall approve a lesser angle of approach for reasons of contour, terrain or matching of existing patterns.
      • §5-22. MINIMUM WIDTHS
        • §5-22-1. Major streets - not less than eighty (80) feet;
      • §5-24. CUL-DE-SACS
        • Generally, minor terminal streets (cul-de-sacs), designed to have one end permanently closed, shall be no longer than four hundred (400) feet to the beginning of the turnaround. Each cul-de-sac must be terminated by a circle turnaround of not less than eighty (80) feet in diameter. A turnaround of other design may be approved at the discretion of the agent. Cul-de-sacs of greater length than four hundred (400) feet may be approved by the agent where topography or other factors justify.
  
  
  
• Code of Henry County, Virginia:
  • Chapter 17 SUBDIVISION ORDINANCE
    • Sec. 17-901. Streets and alleys--General considerations.
      • Streets shall be designed and located in relation to existing, planned or platted streets on adjoining plats, to existing topographical conditions and natural terrain features such as streams and existing tree growth, to public safety and convenience, and in appropriate relation to the proposed uses of land to be served by such streets.
  
  
  
• Code of Montgomery County, Virginia:
  • Chapter 8 PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT
    • Sec. 8-152. New streets.
      • (c) Cul-de-sac.
        • Dead-end streets shall have cul-de-sac-type turnarounds at their ends, with radius equal to the right-of-way width. Dead-end streets shall serve no more than thirty-five (35) dwelling units, unless the board of supervisors determines that terrain or other factors dictate otherwise.
      • (g) Alignment and layout.
        • The arrangement of streets in new subdivisions shall make provision for the continuation of existing streets in adjoining areas. The street arrangements must be such as to cause no unnecessary hardship to owners of adjoining property when they plat and seek to provide for convenient access to their own land. Where, in the opinion of the board of supervisors, it is desirable to provide for street access to adjoining property, proposed streets shall be extended by dedication to the boundary line of such property. Half streets along the boundary of land proposed for subdivision are not to be permitted. Streets shall be related appropriately to the topography. Whenever possible, streets should intersect at right angles.
  
  
  
• Roanoke County, Virginia Public Street/Parking Design Standards and Specifications:
  • Sec. 200.02: Streets to Property Lines
    • All streets eligible to be accepted into the Virginia Department of Transportation's System of Highways shall be constructed to the property line and shall provide access to adjoining parcels of land unless unnecessary due to topography or previous development of the adjoining property.
  • Sec. 200.03: Subdivision Blocks
    • Subdivision blocks shall be placed as to provide traffic circulation within, and between, existing or anticipated subdivisions.
  • Sec. 200.11: Subdivision Street Design
    • All residential developments generating more than 1,500 vehicles per day shall provide through access and shall connect to an existing state road in at least two locations. Internal roads shall be designed to incorporate good traffic design, and provide ease of access for domestic services and emergency vehicular traffic. In situations where two (2) connections cannot be made in accordance with the Virginia Department of Transportation's Permit Manual and Minimum Entrance Standards, one (1) connection may be permitted upon submittal of a waiver request to the Director. The County, as a part of granting the waiver, reserves the right to require additional improvements.
  
  
  
• Danville City, Virginia, Subdivision Regulations:
  • Article 4: Subdivision Design Standards
    • B. Minimum Design Standards
      • 1. Streets
        • a. Street Location and Alignment
          • ii) The arrangement of streets in new subdivisions shall make provision for the alignment and continuation of existing streets in adjoining areas. The street arrangement shall be such as to cause no unnecessary hardship to owners of adjoining property when they plat their own land and seek to provide for convenient access to it. Where the City Engineer determines it is desirable to provide for street access to adjoining property, proposed streets shall be extended by dedication to the boundary line of such property and improved in accordance with the regulations set forth herein for public streets.
          • v) The arrangement of streets in a subdivisions shall be coordinated with and provide for the planned continuation of existing streets into adjoining properties. The design of such streets with respect to alignment, grading, drainage, cross sections, and street grades shall not be such as to cause unnecessary hardship to the owners of adjoining property to carry out the future extension of such streets.
          • viii) There shall be no buffer or reserve strips ("hate strips" or "spite strips") which deliberately limit access from existing or planned through streets so as to violate the intent of this ordinance and the Comprehensive Plan.
          • ix) No plat shall be approved or recorded which does not provide public street access to an otherwise landlocked property.
  
  
  
• Code of City of Roanoke, Virginia:
  • Chapter 30 STREETS AND SIDEWALKS
    • Sec. 31-70. Streets.
      • (b) The street system in the proposed subdivision shall relate to the existing street system in the area adjoining the subdivision. When a new subdivision adjoins unsubdivided land susceptible of being subdivided, any new street within the subdivision determined necessary to serve the unsubdivided land shall be extended to the subdivision boundaries and terminated with a temporary turnaround.
      • (m) As far as practicable, all proposed streets shall be continuous and made to connect with existing streets without off-set. In all cases of off-sets, center line jogs of less than one hundred twenty-five (125) feet shall not be permitted.
  
  
  
• Code of City of Salem, Virginia:
  • Chapter 78 SUBDIVISIONS
    • Sec. 78-613. Access to and from adjoining property.
      • (a) Where it is necessary for the orderly extension of the city's transportation system to provide for street access to adjoining property, proposed streets shall be extended by dedication to the boundary line of such property. Half streets along the boundary of land proposed for subdivision are not permitted.
      • (b) The subdivider enjoys the right to tie into and access adjoining, existing streets under the guidelines and conditions of this chapter.
    • Sec. 78-614. Coordination of streets with existing streets.
      • (a) The arrangement of streets in new subdivisions shall make provision for the continuation of existing streets in adjoining areas where streets already exist. Arterial, collector and local streets shall be respectively extended as such. The street arrangement must be such as to cause no unnecessary hardship to owners of adjoining property when the subdividers plat their land and seek to provide for convenient vehicle access to it.
      • (b) Access points to and from the subdivision and the arrangement of streets within the proposed subdivision and their relationship to adjoining, existing streets shall be such as to minimize the effects of traffic, noise, light and danger to pedestrians and children caused by vehicular traffic to and from the proposed subdivision.
    • Sec. 78-618. Culs-de-sac.
      • (a) A permanent culs-de-sac shall not be longer than 900 feet, including the turnaround. The paved area of the bulb turnaround at the end of the cul-de-sac shall be a minimum of 90 feet in diameter.
    • Sec. 78-625. Blocks.
      • (a) Design standards for blocks are as follows:
        • (1) Length:
          • The length of blocks shall be determined by public safety, traffic flow, and natural topography considerations. Where streets are approximately parallel, connecting streets shall be provided between the parallel streets at reasonable intervals as established by application of the criteria in the preceding sentence. In general, residential blocks should be between 500 feet and 1,200 feet in length.